I've come up with a list of effective strategies to use when teaching your class. These methods can be used during whole group instruction as well as smaller groups and one-on-one conferences.
1. Use wait time! After asking a question, wait at least 5 seconds before saying anything. If the question is difficult, wait at least 10-20 seconds. It takes time for students to formulate answers. Plus, anxiety levels rise if the students feel they do not have enough time to process their answers.
2. Use "think-pair-share." This requires all students to participate. If there is a child that does not know the answer, he/she is able to hear from a peer. This sharing will help stimulate his/her thinking. When the students are sharing the answers, have the pair share each other's answers. Also, you can have the students discuss what they learned from their partners' answers. Have the students describe how they came up with their answers. What evidence are they using to arrive at their answers? At the end of the lesson, students can journal what new learning they had during the whole group lesson.
3. Stop answering the questions you ask. It sounds silly, but it happens all too often. If the students are not able to answer your question, rephrase the question, or give a small clue. The Common Core Standards require students to use higher-level thinking and evidence from the text. Our questioning should provoke this type of thinking.
4. Keep the whole group lesson under 15 minutes. Studies show that attention spans do not last longer than 15 minutes. It is shorter for younger students.
5. Cold call. Put the students' names on popsicle sticks and draw one to have that student answer the question. This will increase participation because the students will not know which student you are going to call on next. You could also put the desks in pods, number each pod and then assign each seat in the pod a number. This method works well if you have several different classes of students. (For example; pod three chair two, please answer the question). However, you may want to have the students discuss answers with their neighbors before having one share his/her answer. It is vital you create a safe environment so students feel comfortable sharing their answers and thoughts. If the student does not know the answer, try saying, "if you did know the answer, what would you say." It's amazing how often this works!
6. Ask questions that have more than one correct answer. The students should read the text closely and use evidence to support their answers. Challenge students to answer the question with several answers. Have them discuss how each answer can be correct. Ask them to figure out what evidence truly supports the answer and which evidence is not strong enough. This spurs the students to use their higher-level thinking and reasoning skills.